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Ruth Hubbard is Professor Emerita of Biology at Harvard University, where she was the first woman to hold a tenured professorship position in biology.〔Holloway, M. (1995) ''Profile: Ruth Hubbard – Turning the Inside Out'', Scientific American 272(6), 49-50.〕 Hubbard was born Ruth Hoffmann in Vienna, Austria and escaped Nazism as a teenager.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/biologists/ruth-hubbard-info.htm )〕 With her family, she moved to the Boston area and she became a biologist.〔 She graduated from Radcliffe College in 1944, earning an A.B. degree in biochemical sciences.〔 She was married to Frank Hubbard from 1942 to 1951.〔 As a research fellow at Harvard in the years after World War II, she worked under George Wald, investigating the biochemistry of retinal and retinol.〔John E. Dowling, "(George Wald, 1906–1997: A Biographical Memoir )" in ''Biographical Memoirs'', Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press (National Academy of Sciences), Volume 78, 298:317.〕 Wald shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 for his discoveries about how the eye works.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.prx.org/pieces/41030-episode-19-ruth-hubbard#description )〕 She received a Ph.D. in biology from Radcliffe in 1950, and in 1952, a Guggenheim fellowship at the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen, Denmark.〔 During her active research career from the 1940s to the 1960s, she made important contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry and photochemistry of vision in vertebrates and invertebrates.〔 In 1967, she and Wald shared the Paul Karrer Medal for their work in this area.〔 She and Wald married in 1958.〔 Hubbard and Wald became the parents of two children: a son, musician and music historian Elijah Wald, and a daughter, Deborah Wald.〔 She also has two grandchildren. ==Social commentary and political activity== In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Hubbard's interests shifted away from research science toward social and political issues. In her book ''The Politics of Women's Biology'', she wrote that she had been a "devout scientist" from 1947 until the late 1960s, but the Vietnam War and the women's liberation movement led her to change her priorities. Also, after being promoted in 1973 from what she called the "typical women's ghetto" of "research associate and lecturer" positions to a tenured faculty position at Harvard, she felt increased freedom to pursue new interests.〔Ruth Hubbard (1990), ''The Politics of Women's Biology'', Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1490-8, ISBN 978-0-8135-1490-1. pages 1-2.〕 She became known as a strong critic of sociobiology. Geneticist Richard Lewontin has said, "No one has been a more influential critic of the biological theory of women's inequality than Ruth Hubbard."〔(Ruth Hubbard ), Harvard University Department of the History of Science, web content accessed July 27, 2011〕 In a 2006 essay entitled "Race and Genes," she wrote: It is beyond comprehension, in this century which has witnessed holocausts of ethnic, racial, and religious extermination in many parts of our planet, perpetrated by peoples of widely different cultural and political affiliations and beliefs, that educated persons—scholars and popularizers alike—can come forward to argue, as though in complete innocence and ignorance of our recent history, that nothing could be more interesting and worthwhile than to sort out the “racial” or “ethnic” components of our thoroughly mongrelized species so as to ascertain the root identity of each and everyone of us. And where to look for that identity if not in our genes?〔Ruth Hubbard (2006), (Race & Genes )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruth Hubbard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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